Spectatorship in the Theatre, the Cinema and Photography:The Gaze of Sartre and Roland Barthes’ <i>punctum</i> in David Greig

David Greig’s Outlying Islands can be read as a study of how people watch each other, and the implications of watching and being watched, both for fictional characters and for the spectators. This article analyses the ways identification processes are shaped with the gaze as the mediating actor, and how sexual awakening is bound up with the workings of the look. Sartre and Lacan’s perspective on the look will help to explain the experience of being a subject and an object as described in the play. In addition, the article claims that Outlying Islands is a complex of intricate questions as to the nature of theatre itself in which the spectator is implicated as he is urged to engage in the play’s identification set-ups. Furthermore, Greig’s play explores the relation of the theatre to other art forms such as the cinema and photography, which enhances its metatheatrical nature. Both are predominantly present in the play as they question our way of looking that is initiated by their respective objects. Roland Barthes’ notion of the punctum in photography will be tested on its usefulness in theatre studies

Marinomonas brasilensis sp. nov., isolated from the coral Mussismilia hispida, and reclassification of Marinomonas basaltis as a later heterotypic synonym of Marinomonas communis

A Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, designated strain R-40503(T), was isolated from mucus of the reef-builder coral Mussismilia hispida, located in the Sao Sebastiao Channel, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain R-40503(T) belongs to the genus Marinomonas. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of R-40503(T) was above 97% with the type strains of Marinomonas vaga, M. basaltis, M. communis and M. pontica, and below 97% with type strains of the other Marinomonas species. Strain R-40503(T) showed less than 35% DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) with the type strains of the phylogenetically closest Marinomonas species, demonstrating that it should be classified into a novel species. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses provided further evidence for the proposal of a novel species. Concurrently, a close genomic relationship between M. basaltis and M. communis was observed. The type strains of these two species showed 78% DDH and 63% AFLP pattern similarity. Their phenotypic features were very similar, and their DNA G+C contents were identical (46.3 mol%). Collectively, these data demonstrate unambiguously that Marinomonas basaltis is a later heterotypic synonym of Marinomonas communis. Several phenotypic features can be used to discriminate between Marinomonas species. The novel strain R-40503(T) is clearly distinguishable from its neighbours. For instance, it shows oxidase and urease activity, utilizes L-asparagine and has the fatty acid C(12:1) 3-OH but lacks C(10:0) and C(12:0). The name Marinomonas brasilensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain R-40503(T) (=R-278(T) =LMG 25434(T) =CAIM 1459(T)). The DNA G+C content of strain R-40503(T) is 46.5 mol%

Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for studying drug induced mitochondrial toxicity

Today HIV-1 infection is recognized as a chronic disease with obligatory lifelong treatment to keep viral titers below detectable levels. The continuous intake of antiretroviral drugs however, leads to severe and even life-threatening side effects, supposedly by the deleterious impact of nucleoside-analogue type compounds on the functioning of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase. For detailed investigation of the yet partially understood underlying mechanisms, the availability of a versatile model system is crucial. We therefore set out to develop the use of Caenorhabditis elegansto study drug induced mitochondrial toxicity. Using a combination of molecular-biological and functional assays, combined with a quantitative analysis of mitochondrial network morphology, we conclude that anti-retroviral drugs with similar working mechanisms can be classified into distinct groups based on their effects on mitochondrial morphology and biochemistry. Additionally we show that mitochondrial toxicity of antiretroviral drugs cannot be exclusively attributed to interference with the mitochondrial DNA polymerase

Do frequent satisfying trips by public transport impacts its intended use in later life?

Previous studies have indicated that factors such as the built environment, attitudes and past behaviour can influence travel behaviour. However, the possible effect of travel satisfaction on travel mode choice remains underexplored, despite many studies focusing on travel satisfaction over the past years. It is likely that individuals experiencing satisfying trips with a certain travel mode will use this mode (more) frequently for future trips. In this study – using data from 984 students from Laval University, Canada – we analyse how satisfaction with public transport and the frequency of public transport use affect the intention to use public transport in later life stages. Our results indicate that public transport frequency, public transport satisfaction and the interaction between these two factors (i.e., the frequency of (dis)satisfying public transport trips) significantly affect people’s intentions to use public transport in later life, although variations in effect sizes exist between different life stages. Making public transport more pleasant and increasing ridership of children and young adults (e.g., by giving them free public transport passes) may consequently result in a higher public transport frequency in later life stages. We argue that travel satisfaction can play an important role in the formation of habitual mode use, and that satisfying trips (if undertaken frequently) are likely to be repeated in the future

Petits Barbus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) du Rwanda

L'examen morphologique complété par des observations sur le terrain sur la coloration de plusieurs séries de petits #Barbus provenant des lacs et rivières du Rwanda, ont permis d'y distinguer au moins huit espèces : #B. kerstenii Peters, 1868, #B. neeumayeri Fisher, 1884, #B. nyanzae Whitehead, 1960, #B. cercops Whitehead, 1960, #B. lineomaculatus Boulenger, 1903, #B. paludinosus Peters, 1852, #B. pellegrini Poll, 1939 et #B. apleurogramma$ Boulenger, 1911. Ces espèces sont redécrites; pour chaque espèce la répartition géographique au Rwanda et en Afrique a été précisée et une clé de détermination pour ce groupe est proposée. (Résumé d'auteur

Sucar Coating the Envelope : Glycoconjucates for Microbe-Host Crosstalk

Tremendous progress has been made on mapping the mainly bacterial members of the human intestinal microbiota. Knowledge on what is out there, or rather what is inside, needs to be complemented with insight on how these bacteria interact with their biotic environment. Bacterial glycoconjugates, that is, the collection of all glycan-modified molecules, are ideal modulators of such interactions. Their enormous versatility and diversity results in a species-specific glycan barcode, providing a range of ligands for host interaction. Recent reports on the functional importance of glycosylation of important bacterial ligands in beneficial and pathogenic species underpin this. Glycoconjugates, and glycoproteins in particular, are an underappreciated, potentially crucial, factor in understanding bacteria-host interactions of old friends and foes.Peer reviewe